• About
    • Welcome
    • Prayer Partners
    • Ministry Partners
    • Angel Partners
    • How to Promote
    • Crowdfunding
    • Statement of Faith
    • The Desert Warrior
    • The Temptations of the Cross (A Novel)
    • Jesus was an Alien (and Other Stories of Faith)
  • Desert Warrior
    • Tears of the Desert Warrior – The Absurdity of an Abnormal Existence
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
      • 1. The Secular Problem of Evil
      • 2. The Essence of Religion
      • 3. The Heart of the Human Experience
      • 4. The Moral Interpretation of Religion
      • 5. Finding Life in the Face of Death
      • 6. Reality, Language and Meaning
      • 7. The Myth of Human Morality
      • 8. The Dangers of the Divine Ethic
      • 9. The Religious Problem of Evil
      • Conclusion
    • Whispers of the Desert Warrior – Evidence of the God who is There
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
      • 1. The God Who is There
      • 2. The Breath of Life
      • 3. Pride and Prejudice
      • 4. The Divine Perspective
      • 5. Return to Babel
      • Conclusion
    • God of the Desert Warrior – Evil and the Goodness of God
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
    • The Desert Warrior – Finding Strength in Difficult Times
      • Series Introduction
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
    • The Way of a Desert Warrior – How the Desert can give you Courage
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
    • The Heart of a Desert Warrior – How Reality can set you Free
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
    • The Life of a Desert Warrior – How a Conversation can Change your Life
      • Prologue
      • Introduction
  • Family Secrets
    • Chapter One
    • Chapter Two
    • Chapter Three
    • Chapter Four
    • Chapter Five
    • Chapter Six
    • Chapter Seven
    • Chapter Eight
    • Chapter Nine
    • Chapter Ten
    • Chapter Eleven
    • Chapter Twelve
    • Chapter Thirteen
    • Chapter Fourteen
  • Jesus was an Alien
    • Preface
    • Created For His Pleasure
    • 1. Charles Benton. Neighbor.
    • 2. The Wedding
    • 3. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
    • 4. Truth in Flip Flops
    • 5. Jesus was an Alien
    • 6. Lucifer at the Cross
    • 7. The Way of the Desert Warrior
    • 8. The Anointing
    • 9. The Tower of Babel
    • 10. The Eight Year Old Evangelist
    • 11. Dr. House. Brilliant. Idiot.
    • 12. The Old Lady and the Giant
    • Return of the Prodigal
  • Seeking Jerusalem
    • Seeking Jerusalem – Days 1 to 10
      • Day 1 – The Plan
      • Day 2 – The Confession
      • Day 3 – The Rebuke
      • Day 4 – The Denial
      • Day 5 – The Judgment
      • Day 6 – The Power and The Glory
      • Day 7 – Holiness
      • Day 8 – The Cost (1)
      • Day 9 – The Cost (2)
      • Day 10 – Transfiguration
    • Seeking Jerusalem – Days 11 to 20
      • Day 11 – Desert Warriors
      • Day 12 – Revealing the Glory
      • Day 13 – Maturity
      • Day 14 – Spiritual Conversations
      • Day 15 – Hard Questions
      • Day 16 – The Weakness
      • Day 18 – Your Life Ministry
      • Day 19 – The Gift of Significance
      • Day 20 – Joshua
      • Day 17 – Spiritual Warfare
    • Seeking Jerusalem – Days 21 to 30
      • Day 21 – True Confessions
      • Day 22 – The Courage of Confession
      • Day 23 – Brokenness
      • Day 24 – The Culture of Grace
      • Day 25 – FaithWalk
      • Day 26 – Dr. House. Brilliant. Idiot.
      • Day 27 – Healing Power
      • Day 29 – Spiritual Unity
      • Day 28 – Spiritual Trust
      • Day 30 – The Anointing
    • Seeking Jerusalem – Days 31 to 40
      • Day 31 – The Sanctification Gap
      • Day 32 – The Sweet Spot
      • Day 33 – Hosea and Gomer
      • Day 34 – The Wedding
      • Day 35 – The Delivery
      • Day 36 – The Struggle
      • Day 37 – The Helper
      • Day 38 – The Secret
      • Day 39 – Messianic Prophesy
      • Day 40 – The Gathering Darkness
    • Seeking Jerusalem – Days 41 to 50
      • Day 41 – Dark Night of the Soul
      • Day 42 – The Divine Irony
      • Day 43 – Truth on Trial
      • Day 44 – The Descent into Hell
      • Day 45 – Death Comes in Darkness
      • Day 46 – The Divine Sting
      • Day 47 – Divine Visitation
      • Day 48 – The Kingdom Come
      • Day 49 – Transformation
      • Day 50 – The Road to Jerusalem
  • Temptations
    • Prologue
    • 1. Death of a Warrior
    • 2. The Old Man in the Temple
    • 3. Memories from the Past
    • 4. Battle Over Jerusalem
    • 5. Passover in the Holy City
    • 6. The Shedding of Blood
    • 7.Messianic Prophecy
    • 8. Ten Divine Words
    • 9. The Days of Artistry
    • 10. Breaking the Alliance
    • 11. The Covenant of Promise
    • 12. Birth Pangs
    • 13. Temptation in the Desert
    • 14. Prophet, Priest, and King
    • 15. Mobilizing the Forces
    • 16. The Gathering Darkness
    • 17. The Dark Night of the Soul
    • 18. The Divine Irony
    • 19. Truth on Trial
    • 20. The Descent into Hell
    • 21. Death Comes in Darkness
    • 22. The Divine Sting
    • 23. Divine Visitations
    • 24. Thy Kingdom Come
    • 25. Transformation
    • Epilogue
  • The Roman Road
    • Walking the Roman Road of Salvation – Days 1-10
      • Day 1 – All Roads Lead to Rome
      • Day 2 – “Let me Introduce myself….”
      • Day 3 – “….and my Ministry”
      • Day 4 – The Fight with Peter
      • Day 5 – Getting our Hearts in the Right Place
      • Day 6 – Getting our Heads on Straight
      • Day 7 – ……and the Demons tremble.
      • Day 8 – The Five Pillars of Evangelism
      • Day 9 – Truth in Flip Flops
      • Day 10 – A Conversation with Jesus
    • Walking the Roman Road of Salvation – Days 11-20
      • Day 11 – Jesus Was An Alien
      • Day 12 – Don’t Kill the Messenger
      • Day 13 – The Holy Hiatus
      • Day 14 – The Dilemma of Love
      • Day 15 – The Enigma of Evil
      • Day 16 – Dr. House. Brilliant. Idiot.
      • Day 17 – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
      • Day 18 – No Wonder God is Upset
      • Day 19 – Suppressing the Truth
      • Day 20 – A Law Unto Themselves
    • Walking the Roman Road of Salvation – Days 21-30
      • Day 21 – Intelligent Design for Stupid Fools
      • Day 22 – Evil is it’s Own Punishment
      • Day 23 – The Revelation of Wrath
      • Day 24 – But for the Grace of God
      • Day 25 – I’m A Good Guy
      • Day 26 – The Sin of Jonah
      • Day 27 – Reality is the Ultimate Judge
      • Day 28 – Obedience is the Ultimate Goal
      • Day 29 – The Heart is the Ultimate Standard
      • Day 30 – Blasphemer or True Heart
    • Walking the Roman Road of Salvation – Days 31-40
      • Day 31 – Sin Addiction
      • Day 32 – Friendship with God
      • Day 33 – Breaking the Alliance
      • Day 34 – Religious Virtues
      • Day 35 – Spiritual Warfare
      • Day 36 – The Path
      • Day 37 – The Holy Guarantee
      • Day 38 – Charlie Benton. Neighbor.
      • Day 39 – The Sacred Moment
      • Day 40 – The Nature of Our Struggle
    • Walking the Roman Road of Salvation – Days 41-50
      • Day 41 – The Quality of Our Struggle
      • Day 42 – Walking In The Spirit
      • Day 43 – More Than Conquerors
      • Day 44 – Living Sacrifices
      • Day 45 – Love Must Be Sincere
      • Day 46 – The Secret
      • Day 47 – Resurrection Maturity
      • Day 48 – Kingdom Evangelism
      • Day 49 – Seeking Jerusalem
      • Day 50 – Walking with Purpose

Desert Warrior Ministries

~ A Burden of Glory

Desert Warrior Ministries

Category Archives: Movie and Book Reviews

The Theory of Everything

19 Wednesday Jul 2017

Posted by Bert Amsing in Movie and Book Reviews

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Big Bang, Cosmology, Existence of God, General Relativity, Intelligent Design, Quantum Physics, Stephen Hawking, Theoretical Physics, Theory of Everything

The Theory of Everything

by Bert Amsing

“You haven’t said why you don’t believe in God,” Jane said.  They were at a family dinner in Cambridge with her new boyfriend’s family.  She wasn’t sure about him yet.  It was time for some tough questions.

“A physicist can’t allow his calculations to be muddled by a belief in a supernatural creator,” Stephen replied.  She was no ordinary girl and he was enjoying the discussion.  True to form, she had a witty reply.

“Sounds less like an argument against God than against physicists,” Jane said.  Stephen’s family liked her immediately.  She was loyal to the church but she had a brain too.

So began the romance between Stephen Hawking and Jane Wilde – at least in the movie The Theory of Everything.  I watched it for the first time this past weekend though it came out in Argentina in February of 2015.  It is more of a love story than a scientific explanation of a unified concept of all the forces of nature.

At the defense of his doctoral thesis on the origin of the universe, his professors challenge his presentation but praise him for his theory of a space time singularity at the beginning of time when the universe began in a black hole.  In the movie, they ask him what he will do next.

“Prove with a single equation that time had a beginning,” Stephen said.  Then he paused dramatically.  “Wouldn’t that be nice, professor?  With one simple, elegant equation, you could explain everything.”    That is the Theory of Everything in a nutshell.  In 1979 he predicted that a Theory of Everything would be discovered before the end of the century.  Apparently he was wrong.

But what is a Theory of Everything?  It is, in layman’s terms,  a theory that explains, scientifically, how the two pillars of physics, quantum theory and general relativity, can be brought together as a unified concept to explain all of reality.  In his book, A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking says, “if we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason, for then we should know the mind of God.”

Now, before you get too excited about his reference to God, he later clarifies in 2014 what he meant in his book.  “What I meant by ‘we would know the mind of God’ is, we would know everything that God would know, if there were a God, which there isn’t.  I’m an atheist.”

Of course, that last statement is a declaration of a personal nature that in no way is a foregone conclusion based on science.  Even he admits that.  His belief in a multiverse (multiple universes all existing at the same time) can be construed as either a closed system or an open system.  In the case of an open system, the existence of God is certainly possible.

Science does not disprove God any more than religion proves God.

Hawking, himself, became more intuitive and speculative in his later years rather than insisting on mathematical proofs.  “I would rather be right than rigorous,” he claimed.  Most of us might want him to be right because he was rigorous but that is apparently not so important in the realm of theoretical physics and cosmology thereby begging the question whether that field of study is merely another form of secular religion.

In any event, the dialogue in the movie is instructive and entertaining.  The goal is to explain Stephen Hawking’s thoughts on the origin of time and the universe in layman’s terms.

At one point, Jonathan, the local parish priest joins Stephen and Jane, who are now married, for a meal.

“Jane was telling me that you had a beautiful theorem that proves the universe had a beginning.  Right?”  Jonathan was only asking a polite question to keep the conversation around the table going smoothly.

“That was my Phd thesis,” Stephen said.  “But my new project disproves it.”

“So you no longer believe in creation,” Jonathan commented.

“What one believes is irrelevant in physics.”

At this point, Jane interrupted and tried to explain things to Jonathan in her own way.

“Stephen has done a U-turn,” she said.  “The big, new idea is that the universe has no boundaries at all.  No boundaries.  No beginning….”

“…and no God,” Jonathan added.  “Oh, I see.  I thought you had proved that the universe had a beginning and thus needed a Creator.  My mistake.”

“No,” said Stephen with a smile.  “My mistake.”

Silence.

“Stephen is looking for a single theory to explain all the forces of the universe,” Jane said.  “Therefore God must die…”

“Why must God die?” Jonathan said.  “I don’t understand.”

Jane sat down again and tried to explain the nature and reality of the universe to him as if he were a small boy.  “The two great pillars of physics are quantum theory – the laws that govern the very small particles, electrons and so on…..and general relativity.”

“Yes, Einstein,” Jonathan interrupted.  He wasn’t a complete idiot after all.

“Einstein’s theory,” Jane agreed.  “The laws that govern the very large planets and such.”  She paused.  “But quantum theory and relativity…”

“Don’t tell me,” Jonathan said.  “They’re different?”

“They don’t remotely play by the same rules,” Jane said.  Then she thought for a moment and stuck one fork into a pea and the other into a potato and held them both in the air.  “If the world were all potatoes, then….easy.  You could trace a precise beginning like Stephen once did.  A moment of creation.  Hallelujah.  God lives.”

Her cynicism was not lost on either Jonathan or Stephen who just sat there smiling at his wife.

“But if you bring peas into the menu,” Jane continued.  “well, then, everything goes a bit….haywire.  It all becomes a godless mess.”

“Oh, dear,” Jonathan said.

“Einstein hated peas,” Jane said.  “What he said about quantum theory was that God doesn’t play dice with the universe.”  She got up to put the dishes in the sink.

Stephen decided to get back into the conversation although it was always difficult for him to speak.  “It seems he not only plays dice,” he said, “but he throws them where we cannot find them.”

“God is back on the endangered species list,” Jane said.  She sat down hard on her chair.

“Well, I expect he’ll cope,” Jonathan said softly.

But Stephen was going to get the last word.  “Physics is back in business.”  He smiled.

“Yes,” Jane repeated.  “Physics is back in business.”

So there you have it.  The Theory of Everything.  How to bring quantum theory and general relativity together into a single equation that would explain everything.  The laws that govern the planets and stars and black holes on the one hand and the scientific laws that govern the smallest particles, electrons and protons on the other.  At the moment, they seem irreconcilable and we do not have a coherent theory to explain it all.

But who cares?  What does it matter if we have a scientific “theory of everything” that explains how all the laws of physics finally work together?  If we understand the origins of our universe, the beginning of time or the ultimate unity of all physical laws that govern our existence, will it make a difference?  Stephen Hawking thought it would.  It would bring meaning to life and give us “the mind of God.”  Metaphorically speaking, of course.

When Stephen Hawking finally came to America after the triumph of his book, A Brief History of Time, he was asked a question by someone in the audience (at least in the movie version).

“Professor Hawking, you have said that you do not believe in God.  Do you have a philosophy of life that helps you?”

In the movie we watch as Stephen becomes thoughtful and pensive and, for a moment, we are astounded to see him slowly straighten out his hands, then his feet and legs.  He is able to lift his head and begin to get out of his wheelchair.  His eyes are focused on a pen that one of the young, pretty girls has dropped on the floor.  He is determined to make his way down the stairs and to pick it up and hand it back to her.  We are witnessing a miracle.  It’s beyond belief.

A second later we realize that it was all in his head.  A dream.  A wish.  A possibility.  But he smiled as we hear the question repeated.  “Do you have a philosophy of life that helps you?”

“It is clear,” Stephen said through his mechanical speaking device, “that we are just a advanced breed of primates on a minor planet orbiting around a very average star in the outer suburbs of one of a hundred billion galaxies.”  Not a very auspicious start, but Stephen was only beginning.

“But, ever since the dawn of civilization, people have craved for an understanding of the underlying order of the world.”  Certainly that has been his quest throughout his adult life, seeking a unified theory of everything.

“There ought to be something very special about the boundary conditions of the universe and what can be more special than that there is no boundary.”  At least that is his theory, that the universe has no boundaries, no beginning and no end, much like the north pole that is a reference for all points on the compass.

With that in mind, Stephen now creates a metaphor for life from that one element of the universe that he believes is true, though it is unproven and not agreed to by everyone in the scientific community.  “And there should be no boundary to human endeavor,” he said, referring to his triumph as an author and scientist, in spite of his disability.  “We are all different.  No matter how bad life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at.  While there is life, there is hope.”

His words were met with a standing ovation, smiles and nods of agreement.  And it’s true, isn’t it?  Even if it isn’t very scientific.  Even if his philosophy of life isn’t based on his science but on his personal achievement in spite of overwhelming odds.  Sure, it’s just a movie but it, apparently, describes what the real Stephen Hawking believes.

The question is whether or not his words bring hope to you as well.  After all, it isn’t the Theory of Everything that matters but rather your personal accomplishments against all odds in a world that is not always friendly.  That truly is an inspiration to all of us.  Whether or not it is enough to make sense out of this world is the real question.  I will leave that up to you to decide.

But if we’re going to be unscientific about it, then God might have a theory or two of His own to suggest and His story has given millions of people hope throughout the centuries that we are something more than just “dust in the wind.”  We were worth dying for.  God created us on purpose.  Each one of us has an unfathomable value.  We are loved.  We are worth saving.  The intrinsic value of every human life is the bedrock of Western Civilization and marks the difference between those who use and abuse power for their own ends and those who are willing to sacrifice themselves in the pursuit of a world based on love and respect and care for each person without discrimination or manipulation.

Do we need God in order to love one another that much?  I don’t know.  Apparently even with God, we aren’t doing such a great job.  All I know is that we need something stronger than Stephen Hawking’s personal accomplishments and triumphs over incredible odds as a foundation for life.  It is inspirational but it lacks substance.  Personal accomplishments even in the face of disability are a weak substitute for personal sacrifice for the sake of others in the name of love.

I will opt for the latter which is, in my opinion, very difficult without a strong belief in God and His intervention in the affairs of this world.  After all, long before we even knew the questions to ask, God gave us the answer 2000 years ago.  In the letter to the Colossians, Paul writes, “For by him all things were created:  things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible…He is before all things, and in him all things hold together” (Colossians 1:16,17 NIV Italics mine).   Paul was talking about Jesus.

What was God supposed to tell us back then, that the universe began as a space time singularity in a black hole of nothingness when he used his creative and intelligent power to release the strong and weak nuclear force, electromagnetism and gravity into space to create life on our planet?  What is certain is that Stephen Hawking is a fascinating and intelligent “breed of primate” and the movie is definitely worth watching.

How was He supposed to explain His continued intervention at certain points in the process so that higher life forms could be “created” (what secular scientists would call a “genetic mutation”)?  After all, poetry also tells truth, doesn’t it?

Then, to top it all off, we would have liked Him to explain to Moses that He also sustains the universe at each moment in time with that same creative and intelligent power, holding together quantum physics and general relativity in perfect harmony (what secular scientists would call “natural laws”).

After all, the laws of general relativity and quantum physics do somehow work together since we are here and the world seems to be working well enough.  We may not understand how that is possible, but what makes us think that if God were to explain it to us even today, that we would even understand Him?

Modern science may be fascinated by the “how” of it all, but their efforts to divorce the “how” from the “who” is misguided at best.  It isn’t the “how” that gives value to human life or hope for the human condition.  Meaning comes from identity, purpose and significance and those are all relational terms.  If there is any meaning at all beyond what we create for ourselves, it will have something to do with the “who” behind the Big Bang and the “one” who continues to hold it all together and how we relate to Him.  At least that’s the way I see it.

I am not at all sure that a Theory of Everything, the scientific “how” at the center of it all, will make much difference in the equations of daily life.  The fundamental problem seems to be our relationships, a lack of respect and care for one another, a primal priority of the self in a dangerous and difficult world.

Christianity claims that the problem lies primarily and first of all in the broken relationship we have with our Creator.  That’s what makes Jesus so interesting and necessary.  But it is uncertain whether the majority of people will accept that analysis of the problem or His solution and therein lies the problem.  We need help, and desperately so, but we won’t take it from Him.  He demands too much, expects too much, cares too much.  After all, it isn’t God’s existence that is the real problem but rather that we simply don’t trust Him enough to follow Him wholeheartedly.

What is certain is that Stephen Hawking is a fascinating and intelligent “breed of primate” and the movie is definitely worth watching.

Seeking Jerusalem devotionals

Jesus was an Alien signup 2

Angel

Jesus was an Alien Crowdfunding Campaign

Click Here

Pre-Order Now

Charity Campaign

Recent Posts

  • Seeking Jerusalem – Day 39 “Keep Moving Forward”
  • Seeking Jerusalem – Day 24 “Spiritual Time Out”
  • New book called “Invite Culture” coming soon…
  • Seeking Jerusalem – Day 1 “The Plan”
  • The Roman Road – Day 50 “Walking with Purpose”
  • The Roman Road – Day 49 “Seeking Jerusalem”
  • The Roman Road – Day 48 “Kingdom Evangelism”
  • The Roman Road – Day 47 “Resurrection Maturity”
  • The Roman Road – Day 46 “The Secret”
  • The Roman Road – Day 45 “Love Must Be Sincere”
  • The Roman Road – Day 44 “Living Sacrifices”
  • The Roman Road – Day 43 “More Than Conquerors”
  • The Roman Road – Day 42 “Walking in the Spirit”
  • The Roman Road – Day 41 “The Quality of Our Struggle”
  • The Roman Road – Day 40 “The Nature of Our Struggle”
  • The Roman Road – Day 39 “The Sacred Moment”
  • The Roman Road – Day 38 “Charlie Benton. Neighbor”
  • The Roman Road – Day 37 “The Holy Guarantee”
  • The Roman Road – Day 36 “The Path”
  • The Roman Road – Day 35 “Spiritual Warfare”

Archives

  • October 2019
  • July 2019
  • June 2019
  • April 2019
  • March 2019
  • April 2018
  • March 2018
  • February 2018
  • July 2017
  • March 2017
  • September 2016
  • August 2016
  • April 2016
  • January 2015
  • December 2014
  • November 2014
  • October 2014
  • March 2014
  • February 2014
  • December 2013
  • November 2013
  • October 2013
  • February 2013
  • December 2012
  • November 2012
  • October 2012
  • September 2012
  • August 2012
  • May 2012

Categories

  • A Conversation with God
  • Adventure of Grace
  • Conversations with an Elder
  • Daily Devotionals
  • Dark Night of the Soul
  • Death of a Warrior
  • Desert Warrior Series
  • Finding Life in the Face of Death
  • Hermeneutics
  • Jesus was an Alien
  • Lenten Season
  • Life in the Desert
  • Memories from the Past
  • Michelle
  • Movie and Book Reviews
  • Philosophy and Theology
  • Puppet Ministry Scripts
  • Reflections
  • Seeking Jerusalem
  • Sermons
  • Short Stories
  • Tears of the Desert Warrior
  • Temptations of the Cross
  • The Breath of Life
  • The Covenant of Promise
  • The Essence of Religion
  • The God Who is There
  • The Old Man in the Temple
  • The Roman Road
  • The Secular Problem of Evil
  • The Tower of Babel
  • Truth in Flip Flops
  • Uncategorized
  • Way of the Desert Warrior
  • Whispers of the Desert Warrior

Ransomed Heart Ministries

Become Good Soil

Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Join 1,669 other followers

DWM on FACEBOOK

DWM on FACEBOOK

DWM on TWITTER

  • Daily Devotional from Rick Warren pastorrick.com/why-should-you… Desert Warrior Ministries 5 months ago
  • I Can Handle This ransomedheart.com/daily-reading/… via @RansomedHeart Desert Warrior Ministries 5 months ago
  • pastorrick.com/por-que-deberi… Desert Warrior Ministries 5 months ago
  • Daily Devotional from Rick Warren pastorrick.com/how-to-stay-hu… Desert Warrior Ministries 5 months ago
  • pastorrick.com/como-mantenert… Desert Warrior Ministries 5 months ago
Follow @desertwarriors

The Desert Warrior

Artwork by Astray-Engel.

All rights reserved by Artist. Used with permission. Click artwork for details of the Creative Commons License.

Copyright Notice

© 2012 vanKregten Publishers and Desert Warrior Ministries. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to vanKregten Publishers, Desert Warrior Ministries and/or Bert A. Amsing with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. Specific reprint permission will be granted upon request via email for inclusion in digital and print media.

Scripture Copyright

Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION ®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012 by vanKregten Publishers. All rights reserved. Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION ®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.

Blog at WordPress.com.

Cancel
Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use.
To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy